J. D. Salinger Essay - 2481 Words

J. D. Salinger J. D. Salinger The worth of a book is to be measured by what you can carry away from it. -James Bryce* In 1945, a novel was published that would forever change the way society views itself. The book, entitled The Catcher in the Rye, would propel a man named Jerome David Salinger to fame as one of the most famous authors of the twentieth century. This same man, not ten years after the publication and while still in the peak of his career, would depart from this society- the one that he so greatly changed leaving nothing but his literature to be his lasting voice. However one may view this mysterious life of J. D. Salinger, there is but one thing for certain: J. D. Salinger has provided the reader with a†¦show more content†¦After receiving an English degree at Columbia, Salinger worked briefly as an entertainer on the Swedish Liner MS Kungsholm in the Caribbean in 1941. In 1942 Salinger enlisted in the United States Army and fought in World War II, where he eventually be came a staff sergeant earning five battle stars. The time spent overseas played a major role in what would ultimately be the basis of most of Salingers short stories. World War II is also where Salinger met one of his major literary influences, Ernest Hemingway. Although Salingers style stems from Hemingway, their first encounter was not one that sat well on Salingerss mind. The story goes that while Hemingway was serving as an author-correspondent, he visited Salingers regiment and that Salinger became disgusted when Hemingway shot the head off a chicken to demonstrate the merits of a German Lager (French 25). The incident so affected Salinger that he incorporates it into his short story, For Esme: with Love and Squalor, with a corporal named Clay shooting the head off a cat and constantly dwelling upon the senseless act. The relationship between Hemingway and Salinger would last until Hemingways death in 1961. Despite having a personal relationship with Hemingway, according to Har old Bloom, †¦[Salingers work actually] derives from F. Scott Fitzgerald (qtd. in Salinger SSC 2: 318). Such a conclusion can be drawn for a number of reasons. First, Salingers narrativeShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger1159 Words   |  5 Pages Catcher in the Rye is one of the most famous books in American literature. Written by J. D. Salinger, it captures the epitome of adolescence through Salinger’s infamous anti-hero, Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield learns about himself and his negative tendencies, and realizes that if he does not do something to change his perspective, he may end up like his acquaintance James Castle whom he met at Elkton Hills. Holden tries to find help to mend his outlook on life through Mr. Antolini so he doesRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a popular novel written by J.D. Salinger. Published in 1951, the book was originally written for adults, but it is now remembered and adored by people from all parts of the world and people from all walks of life – especially by teenagers – a likely effect that was only inevitable considering the center stage of the narrator the great crumby flake Holden Caulfield, to us e his style of speaking, who accurately portrayed teenage angst and loneliness in a style that many youngstersRead MoreThe Contemporary Age Of A Novel Written By J. D. Salinger1177 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary age has been characterized by wars or the threat of war. This left the American civilians feeling scared. This fear and the life of the American civilian during the Contemporary Age were captured in a novel written by J. D. Salinger. Jerome David Salinger, prompted mainly by his desire to become wealthy, wrote a novel that would cause mass controversy and eventually lead American authors into a new style of writing. The United States changed dramatically during the Contemporary AgeRead MoreEssay on Suicide in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J. D. Salinger2073 Words   |  9 Pagesdescribed as a lost spirit who sees himself as being fundamentally different from his social environment following his wartime experience; he leaves the war â€Å"seeing-more† and as a result, awakens to find that he has lost touch with the material world. Salinger uses the story’s dialog as the medium for conveying Seymour’s struggle; he establishes the shallow nature of the environment Seymour is exposed to using the dialog between Muriel and her Mother while simultaneously giving clues about Seymour’s characterRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye by J. D. Salinger and Looking For Alaska by John Green1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Catcher In The Rye and Looking For Alaska, two American novels about young adulthood, provide an insight on the commonalities and differences between these two gene rations and their unique American experiences. The two novels written by J.D. Salinger and John Green, respectively, were written fifty-four years apart, but their similarities are nonpareil. In fact, Green cites The Catcher In The Rye as an inspiration for his novel. The Catcher In The Rye and Looking For Alaska display similaritiesRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By J. D. Salinger1699 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces that were written centuries ago, and continue into novels written in the present. The play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger follow the lives of two protagonists’ as they are each individually shaped by society’s idea of prosperity. The protagonists of both the novel and the play, Holden and Macbeth, exhibit similar qualities that allow them to attempt to achieve ultimateRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger602 Word s   |  2 PagesAdolescents have to face challenges because they are still developing, yet at times are treated as fully developed human beings. J. D. Salinger explores the thoughts of an adolescent in his book, The Catcher in the Rye, showing Holden Caulfield’s perspective of the world. Holden Caulfield shows symptoms of mental illness because he is constantly depressed by everything, beyond what a normal adolescent should be feeling. Holden shows signs of depression because he is, shockingly, depressed. He cannotRead MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wallflower By J. D. Salinger703 Words   |  3 Pagesvery important parts of literature that have touched the life of many, both young and old. The authors, Stephen Chbosky author of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower and J. D. Salinger author of The Catcher in The Rye are both very well known writers. The Catcher In The Rye By J. D Salinger The Catcher in the Rye written by J. D. Salinger is a book written in 1951. IT is considered to be one of the greatest books, it has also become very controversial all throughout the world. We begin the book NarratedRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe famous novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye,† written by J.D. Salinger. The novel follows Holden while he goes on a â€Å"weekend adventure.† There are only 3 days of school left until everyone at Pencey Prep, the private school in which Holden attends, can go home for Christmas break. Holden, due to his lack of effort, has been told that he will not be attending Pencey Prep anymore. He was failing four of his five classes that semester (Salinger). The only reason he was not failing the fifth course was becauseRead MoreTheme Of Success And Fulfillment By J. D. Salinger1790 Words   |  8 Pagessuccess and fulfillment are evident in literature and theater pieces that were written centuries ago continuing into novels written in the present. The play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger follow the lives of two protagonists’ as they are each individually shaped by society’s idea of prosperity. The protagonists’ of both the novel and the play, Holden and Macbeth, exhibit similar qualities that allow them to attempt to achieve ultimate

The Wasteland, by T.S. Eliot - 857 Words

In the twentieth century, T.S. Eliot transformed the traditional poetry form into a more modern style. Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri on September 26, 1888. At the age of 25, Eliot moved to England where he began his career as a poet. Eliot greatly attracted the modernist movement, which was poetry written in the reaction of Victorian poetry. His first poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, was known as one of the most famous pieces of the Modernist movement. In his poetry, Eliot combines themes such as aridity, sexuality, and living death. He uses techniques such as narration, historical, literary, and mythic allusions. Using themes and techniques from his earlier work, Eliot publishes The Wasteland. The Wasteland is a†¦show more content†¦The second section is titled, â€Å"A Game of Chess† in which Eliot explores the social world of the Wasteland. The wasteland is a place where its boring with empty barren land and Eliot plans on regenerating the land. This section begins with a scene from Thomas Middleton’s Elizabethan play, Women Beware Women. This scene transitions the poem from death to sex and represents the most modernism throughout the poem. This section also emphasizes on women drinking alcohol, abortions, and society. Before this time period, these topics were unspoken of. The third section of the poem is called â€Å"The Fire Sermon† which refers to much about religion. Referring to Buddha’s teachings, this section ties in the image of lifelessness. This can be understood as youthful passion does not exist anymore. Also, in this passage Eliot includes how relationships are always failing throughout lifetime. This flashes back to London when Eliot’s wife Vivienne divorces him. â€Å"The Fire Sermon† refers to the Buddhist sermon that gives the section its title, and encourages men to douse the fires of lust. The fourth and fifth section are closely related because they tie in the rest of the poem together. The fourth section is named â€Å"Death by water† which basically connects â€Å"The Burial of Death† and ties the whole poem together into one unified poem. The fifth section â€Å"What Thunder Said† is the final section which brings religion, death, and summarization ofShow MoreRelatedThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot1017 Words   |  4 PagesT.S. Eliot’s most famous poem â€Å"The Wasteland,† a grim picture of post-war London is analyzed as being the most important poetic work of the twentieth century. The first glance at this poem leads one to the conclusion that the content of this piece is bleak and depressing. The assumption can be made that Eliot has diagnosed his society with a terminal disease, which he chooses to describe through his poem. After further analyzing â€Å"The Wasteland† it can be seen that out of the dust of this barren plac eRead MoreThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Essay558 Words   |  3 PagesThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot In the poem, The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot gives a primarily positive connotation by using the theme of speech, language, and failure of speech. In each of the sections, Eliot shows how speech and communication are important in life. He also shows that speech cannot always accomplish what actions can. The way the characters in the poem use speech show that speech and communication are important. A Game of Chess This section may be the best example of communicationRead MoreT.S. Eliot the Wasteland Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pages Oh keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men, Or with his nails hell dig it up again! You! Hypocrite lecteur! – mon semblable, - mon frà ¨re! T.S. Eliot, â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†, The Waste Land, lines 60-76. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land is a Modernist piece of literature. Combining â€Å"traditional content† and radical style, Eliot has captured the tension between past and present. For him, the past is at once nostalgic, yet responsible for the present shared post-war â€Å"sense of desolationRead MoreAnalysis of The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Q5 Much of what Eliot writes about is harsh and bleak, but he writes about it in a way that is often beautiful. Comment fully on both parts of this assertion. Most first time readers of Eliots work would, probably, agree that his poems read as bleak and depressing. They would also say that many of his poems portray society as having a terminal illness, but when we look deeper you can see that amid the anguish not all is lost and there is hopeRead More T.S. Eliots use of Poetic techniques in The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Wasteland1310 Words   |  6 PagesT.S Eliot, widely considered to be one of the fathers of modern poetry, has written many great poems. Among the most well known of these are â€Å"The Waste Land, and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, which share similar messages, but are also quite different. In both poems, Eliot uses various poetic techniques to convey themes of repression, alienation, and a general breakdown in western society. Some of the best techniques to examine are ones such as theme, structure, imagery and language, whichRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Wo rds   |  4 Pagesfar can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press companyRead MoreThe Influence of T.S Eliot Through his Poetry Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesT.S. Eliot was a modern poet that was globally renowned for his contributions to poetry and the way that he envisioned society and managed to communicate those opinions through language. He had influenced many post modernists as well as fellow poets because of his indifference in the way that poetry had been set to be. He used language to develop patters in order to show how they can make sense as a whole once laid out instead of using the diction of the poetry to state ideas. T.S. Eliot had developedRead MoreThe Wasteland Analysis990 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Wasteland† Analysis After World War I, a movement known as Modernism changed poetry and literature. T.S. Eliot was one of the most influential Modernist writers in his time. His most famous poem, The Wasteland, is a great example of this movement. The poem talks about the negative impact of war, especially World War I, on society. It uses many literary techniques that present Eliots negative message about the decline of Western culture due to war. These literary techniques include metaphorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Waste Land By T.s. Eliot819 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Waste land,† by T.S. Eliot, is a complex masterpiece with many incredible symbolic relationships occurs throughout the entirety of the poem. Eliot uses reliable comparisons between life and death, to depict how the seasons change within a given year. His simple yet extreme changes and exaggerations of ever so slight changes between months can help explain the tightly knitted connection we have, and what links the eart h and seasons together. At times, the earth can be dismal, harsh and even consideredRead MoreCan we conclude that T.S.Eliots ideas about culture are elitist and leave it at that?1759 Words   |  8 PagesEliot writes of culture as the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion.(Milner, A (1994) Contemporary Cultural Theory: An Introduction. London: UCC Press.) A culture, then according to Eliot is one which is shared in common by a whole people, although he believed it was not shared equally between the people. Eliot divided the people into two groups, the elite

My First Year Of College - 903 Words

Going into my first year of college, I knew that I would experience many new things, learn from these experiences, both good and bad, and ultimately grow as a person. The degree to which this has already occurred, however, is stupefying. I surely did not expect to grow and mature as much as I have in the past few months. Even though it is only the first semester of my college career, I feel as if I have lived here for years, time flowing at a dichotomously rapid yet mild pace. Fortunately thus far, my experiences at Allegheny have been almost exclusively positive ones, but nevertheless, I have absorbed all of the information that surrounds me in order to develop as an individual. To begin, the first lesson that has been constantly reinforced both academically and otherwise is that hard work pays off. With regard to academics, I have always had an strong work ethic; I welcome challenges and seldom procrastinate. However, coming to college has taken my intrinsic motivation to academica lly achieve and transcend and intensified it. I quickly learned that college is much more difficult than college. There are far less assessments, more essays, and less room for error in college; I initially thought that these factors would be difficult to adapt to. To my surprise, however, succeeding under more difficult circumstances is not as difficult as I had thought. Similarly, I worked tirelessly to improve my tennis game, again learning that college-level tennis was far different thanShow MoreRelatedMy Year Is My First Year Of College1516 Words   |  7 Pages Last year was my first year of college. Freshmen year as a transition for me from High School to College, I don’t think I did well in adjusting to college life. I’m regretting lots thing I could have done, but I didn t. I wish I could be like other ordinary students live in the dorm, they have more opportunities to involve school’s activity, and more chances to get to know more people. As a freshma n in college, I was scared about failing my classes so I tried my best to work on every assignmentRead MoreMy First Year Of College994 Words   |  4 Pagescan go to college, get a degree, and pray the job market has a place for them. Nearing the end of high school, I was torn between joining the Army and going to college. What eventually ended this debate for me was my extremely supportive parents who gave me an ultimatum: they told me they would pay for my first year of college and if I still wanted to join the military after that, I could. I started attending Austin Community College, in a degree plan focused on advertising. My first semester ofRead MoreMy First Year Of College1669 Words   |  7 PagesAs if my first semester of college wasn’t bad enough the second semester was even worse. One day I woke up to a string of events would shape my life forever in a way that I never saw coming. It was my first year of college, a dream come true to be out of my mom’s house and in the mix of over thirty-six thousand people. Unfortunately, I forgot in a school of such large numbers you are just a single person. This means you yourself aren’t exactly a priority or concern of a university of such largeRead MoreMy First Year Of College992 Words   |  4 Pagescontinue my education or not. As a high school student I thought I knew what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to go to the University of Georgia, become a veterinarian, and then make my own practice one day. Things didn’t go as smoothly as I would have liked for them to go but I think it has led me to be more confident in myself and have a healthier happier life. My first year of college was the biggest challenge I have ever experienced but I am glad that stuck with it. I am a first generationRead MoreMy First Year Of College756 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout high school and my first year of college, my only goal was to get a degree with minimal effort. My first year at SUNY Potsdam was dreadful at best. Not only was I miserable taking courses I didn’t enjoy, but my GPA suffered for it. The semester I took Calculus 1 was when everything turned around for me. Starting that semester my GPA stayed consistently above a 3.7. I was finally enjoying learning and doing well in college. It didn’t take much pushing from my professors to major in mathematicsRead MoreMy First Year Of College1401 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine that you and your mom are on your way back from picking your little sister up from school; your first year of college starts the next day. Life is good, no worries, no pain. Sitting at a red light, you think of what is for dinner tonight while your sister talks to you about her day. Suddenly, you see a car coming way too fast from the lane perpendicular to you. Before you even have a chance to scream, you close your eyes as the car hits the side of your car. All you can think of is ifRead MoreMy First Year College Experience919 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Year College Experience The first year of college comes with many changes and challenges. These changes can include the food in the cafeteria, study habits, time management skills, and much more. Every student has to find their own way to handle the first year and determine what works best for them. For many the most essential change is living away from home. Campus life provides opportunities to become a part of a unique, diversified community. With these opportunities come challengesRead MoreMy First Year As A College Student846 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is a time for discovering oneself while educating themselves on how to live on their own efficiently. College also develops a student’s way of life that they will carry on throughout their adult life’s. I am currently a sophomore and in the two years that I have attended here I have lived with a roommate as well as by myself. Living in these two different environments has affected my territoriality in many different ways. For me pe rsonally, college has changed my view on personal space, livingRead MoreReflection On My First Year Of College801 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepting. Question 2 invites reflection upon how I frequently regret transferring after my first year of college. I perpetually find myself questioning why I was unsuccessful. In self- examination I believe I failed in many aspects as a first year because I lacked self- confidence. Possessing confidence within myself and in my abilities is one aspect of my identity that I struggle with daily. During my first year I struggled with confidence academically, athletically, and socially. I was not thrivingRead MoreMy First Two Years Of College852 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout my first two years of college, I have had many challenges and successes. I was excited to take this class because it involves something that I have always been interested in. International Studies excites me because it allows me to understand the world on a more practical and realistic level. I had frugal knowledge of relations overseas when I started this class, and now I could not imagine my life before I knew these things . In high school, the only class I took that involved anything

Communication Style and Cultural Features in High/Low...

Communication Style and Cultural Features in High/Low Context Communication Cultures: A Case Study of Finland, Japan and India Shoji Nishimura1, Anne Nevgi2 and Seppo Tella3 1 Waseda University, Japan 2 Department of Education, University of Helsinki 3 Department of Applied Sciences of Education, University of Helsinki Abstract People from different countries communicate in ways that often lead to misunder-standings. Our argument, based on Hall’s theory of high/low context cultures (1959, 1966, 1976, 1983), is that these differences are related to different communication cultures. We argue that Japan and Finland belong to high context cultures, while In-dia is closer to a low context culture with certain high context cultural features.†¦show more content†¦Cultural issues mean certain societal factors, such as the country’s status, history, religion and traditions. Cultural issues also include Hofstede’s (2008) individualism vs. collectivism dimension. Communication style in a high vs. low context culture In HC cultures, communication style is influenced by the closeness of human rela-tionships, well-structured social hierarchy, and strong behavioural norms (Kim et al., 1998, p. 512). In a high context (HC) culture, internal meaning is usually embedded deep in the information, so not everything is explicitly stated in writing or when spo-ken. In an HC culture, the listener is expected to be able to read â€Å"between the lines†, to understand the unsaid, thanks to his or her background knowledge. Hall (1976, p. 91) emphasised that â€Å"a high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalised in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, or transmitted part of the message†. In an HC culture, people tend to speak one after another in a linear way, so the speaker is seldom interrupted. Communication is, according to Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey (1988), indirect, ambiguous, harmonious, reserved and understated. In an HC culture, communication involves more of the information in the physical context or internalised in the person; greater confidence is placed in the non-verbal aspects of communication than the verbal aspects (Hall,Show MoreRelatedInfluence of Culture in Marketing7448 Words   |  30 PagesI. Culture I.1 How to define culture? Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of society use to interact with their world and with one another. It is a combination of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior pattern that are shared by racial, religious, ethnic or social group of people. Anthropologist James Spradley believes culture to be :†the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behavior†Read MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 PagesIntercultural Communication Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each other. Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communication they can unknowinglyRead MoreGoogle Organizational Culture9872 Words   |  40 Pages 2010 ISSN 1549-3652  © 2010 Science Publications Cultural Issues in the Business World: An Anthropological Perspective Michael P. Lillis and Robert Guang Tian Department of Business, Medaille College, New York Abstract: The significance of cultural influence on business has been widely recognized in both academic and business circles. A number of authors suggest that an anthropological approach is the most appropriate way to study cultural factors and assess their impact on an organizationalRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 PagesCompanion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/hollensen to find valuable student learning material including: Full versions of the video case studies Multiple choice questions to test your learning Annotated links to relevant sites on the web An online glossary to explain key terms Flashcards to test your knowledge of key terms and definitions Classic extra case studies that help take your learning further We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in marketing, bringingRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009Read MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 Pagestypes of organizational forms used for competing internationally. objective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Identify the unique training needs for international assignees and their employees. objective Explain the economic, politicallegal, and cultural factors in different countries that HR managers need to consider. objective Identify the characteristics of a good international compensation plan. objective Explain how domestic and international HRM differ. objective ReconcileRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPublic Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A PoliticalRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesfinal installment, I have put together answers/solutions to all 217 case studies. I hope you will find these solutions as a useful starting point. As with all BM mark schemes, the solutions in this Answer Book should be used with caution and flexibility. Students who take an alternative approach to the suggested solutions should still be credited where appropriate; teachers should use their professional judgment in such cases. Since the Answer Book is 178 pages long, colleagues may find theRead MoreCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 PagesAuthor TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE. â€Å"CERAMICS† DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CONTENT/BODY a. What is Ceramics? b. The History of Ceramics †¢ Asia †¢Persia and the ancient middle east. †¢Classical Greek and Roman †¢Africa †¢India †¢European †¢The Americas †¢Modern American Ceramics c. TYPES OF CERAMICS †¢Earthenware †¢Stoneware †¢Examples of whiteware ceramics †¢Porcelain †¢Classification of technical ceramics d. TYPES OF CERAMIC MATERIALS †¢Crystalline ceramics †¢Other applicationsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface

Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf Free Essays

string(40) " to use the Regulations in our project\." Real Site Layout Map Site Layout Briefing It is important to maintain a high standard of duty, facility, resource management, in accordance to the Health and Safety CDM Regulations, in order to convey a better atmosphere for all members of staff and workers. The following will analyse all aspects of our Construction Management Project Plans, to ensure how we will create a satisfying duty of care to all members of the construction team working for the UWL Student Accommodation Project 2012/2013. Site Location University Of West London, Park Road Via St Marys Road, Ealing, W5 5RF. We will write a custom essay sample on Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new building will be constructed on an unused field area, and car park, belonging to the university. The construction site is bounded by protected trees, at the south side of the building, parallel to a public building (YMCA), and the boundary on the west and north side of the building, which leads to the main and side road. The projected building will be built within the white box on the Real Site Layout diagram, and Blue of the Map Site Layout diagram. Site Setup and Logistics In order to meet the CDM and Health and Safety obligations, it will be necessary to afford a fully functional and compliant temporary site accommodation arrangement as part of the site setup. Prior to commencement on site, the site setup will include perimeter site hoarding equipped with appropriate safety and way-finding signage, lighting installations, and set of gates for vehicle entrance. The perimeter safety segregation system (I. e. Heras Fencing) is to be erected and equipped with appropriate safety and way-finding signage. Clearly defined access routes will be defined both within the site and the surrounding roads and sites in accordance to the management plans and with particular attention to the segregation of pedestrians, plant and vehicle. The delivery, storage and distribution of materials will form part of this plan. Site Accommodation Welfare Facilities After having judged the situation at the site, with the documents of the feasibility report, there isn’t sufficient space to have (as promised), an accommodations site on the premises of the project. The temporary site accommodation will be located in the student car park of the University. The site accommodation will include suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences. Supply of Water will be available through the water pumps of UWL into the rooms, toilets, sinks†¦ The room will be kept clean and tidy by the occupiers, and will be checked by a warden, so this rule isn’t breached, and is kept in an orderly condition. Adequate supply of drinking water will be put in few places as part of welfare facilities through drinking water fountains, and kitchen facilities. For Health and Safety reasons, water fountains and supply of drinking water will be marked with an appropriate signage, and sufficient number of cups will be provided. Washing Facilities will include: * A supply of clean hot and cold, or warm, water (which shall be running water so far as is reasonably practicable); * Suitable means of cleaning, such as soap, shampoo, and; * Suitable means of drying: towels, hand dryers, blow dryers. Washing Rooms will be ventilated, and given required lighting. They also will have to be kept cleaned and maintained. In order to minimise costs in welfare facilities, instead of having separate washing facilities for men and women, the multiple bathrooms will be individually shared, with an internal lock to prevent others coming in. This is more efficient as the number of males will dominate those of females. The accommodation will acquire changing rooms lockers and sufficient spacing in these facilities, especially when the workers have to wear special clothing for his/her work and duty. Work may be on-going during rain; hence, facilities for drying areas for clothes, and seating will be set up in the accommodation. Lockers will also be provided near the changing areas in order to keep work uniform, clothes that haven’t been torn during the work and personal belongings safe. Damages to these will be at the occupier’s liability, not the site officer/warden/security/manager. Rooms and Resting areas will be prepared to be satisfying to all users. The rooms will be a hostel style living accommodation for all males, and separate ndividual rooms for females. Within 4 cabins as posted on the site layout, hostel dorm for males will consist of 14 beds, 7 in each cabin, and on cabin with 5 small rooms for ladies. Premises for accommodation will be handed to those living most further away, and to those who operate and work on a 24 hour shift. Others will have to live at their own homes, and travel to the site, or find accommodation in hotels nearby, with the assis t of the construction team. Traffic Control Staff will control traffic into and out of site No Temporary light signals will be used, as it will delay public traffic times, won’t be efficiently used, and will cost more money to hire. Vehicle Movement into and out of site will occur around the Pink outline. Trucks and heavy machinery have been seen going into this outline and moving out safely and securely. Parking on Park road will be stopped until Kerrison Road, to ease movement of heavy machinery into site through Park Road, and make sure that cars do not get effected by any flying debris, which could lead into court appearances. Health and Safety Report The construction industry has the highest rate of accidents in the workforce. The diagram on the left proves data collected in 2008, which shows the multiple numbers of fatalities in the construction sector in comparison to other Work Sectors. In the production of the UWL Student Accommodation St Mary’s Road Ealing, our aim is to reduce accidents and fatalities as much as possible. Accidents are naturally occurring and unpredictable but controllable. This Health and Safety report will analyse the CDM Regulations 2007, and will in-corporate on how efficiently to use the Regulations in our project. You read "Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf" in category "Essay examples" This Health and Safety Report is a part of Risk analysis, hence following according to the HS structure will reduce the for-see-able risks. Safe places of work Access movement in and out of the construction site must be safe and practical. Walking distances must be short at all working times to cut down non-productive times amongst each of the workers on the field. The rea marked in yellow is the region where staff and workers will be making most movement. During the construction periods, it is important to keep the walking distances at a minimum, not only to cut down on non-productive time, but it will reduce damages to humans by falls, trips, falling and fallen debris. As the construction process is underway, the space will become more confined and little, due to the presence of the new building, hence, it is important to take vital care when crossing the site in such a tight area, to be further aware of accidents and to respect the Health and Safety Regulations. The area does consist of enough working space for all members of the team to work in a safe manner. Good Order and Site Security Every part of the construction must be kept in good order in the means of tidiness and cleanliness. The construction site will consist of a perimeter identified by suitable signs and be so arranged that its extent is readily identifiable, and be fenced off. See also fencing in the Site Layout Report for more information about fencing around the perimeter of the site. Sharp materials, such as projected nails, must be placed in good storage areas to reduce piercing people. Other construction projects, according to the CDM Regulations, do not allow timber with projected nails on site due to the Hazard danger of such equipments, therefore our alternative advice is to keep sharp objects, and all other materials that is a potential risk if not taken care of, to be stored appropriately, and used when needed. Site Security areas have been denoted on the Site Layout Plans. These sites will operate on a 24h basis. Construction materials and recourses are a high value for money, and hence, vandalism in construction is high at a time of economical downturn. Therefore, guards will be on patrol for 24 hour on the two areas located on the Site Plan. The site security will have to control the site premises, take care of all the site equipments, watch out for theft, and vandalism on non-operational times. During Operation periods, security will have to take control of vehicle movements in and out of the building, help with vehicles turning around, and check all the staff and worker’s badges before being let onto the site. Security check and report accidents and fatalities in the Risk Assessment and Health and Safety documents. Stability of Structure It is important to make sure that any part of the structure that may become un-stable with different load bearings or high wind loads, become notified to all members of the team on site, who may be affected if un-cautioned. Foundations, buttress, and temporary supports, such as scaffolding, must be designed used, to make sure they can adapt to the calculated load bearings and impact loads, so the building can remain stable, and none of the supports fail to collapse the building or the supports itself fall from a high distance. The load bearings, wind loads, impact loads, and snow loads have been calculated by the civil engineers, will provide exact figures, as to which the contractors will abide to, and design the supports in the safest manner. Excavation During the Excavation process, it is vital that nothing collapses into the region of excavation. There must be sufficient spacing between people, pile foundations and plants on the site. Neighbouring roof-tops must be checked to make sure that during the excavation process, nothing falls from these buildings into the excavation which may cause potential hazards for this stage of construction. The most potential building that may cause an issue for such reasons is the YMCA building next to the site, and its roof top must be verified. Excavation process must be inspected at the start of the shift, followed by regular interval checking, and finally at the end of the shift. Any material trapped in the excavation will cause a high health and safety issue for the employees, and also will affect the stability of the building a few years from completion. Reports of Inspection Dates when the QS and the Health and Safety Assessor will come and inspect the work have been noted on the Microsoft Project Scheduling, underneath the notes column. The QS will assess the progress of the work and supply information to the clients to supply the company with the income. Therefore in the inspection of the QS, if the project is working under the deadline, the income and profit will be below that of the project plan. The Inspection Report will be mentioned to the person in charge of the operations of the factors that needs to be amended to satisfy that report before further work can be carried out in a safe manner. Energy Distribution Installations Energy will come from the UWL campus Ealing. If more is required, then an electricity generator will be brought onto the site (shown on the left). The generator will need to be checked and revised before usage for safety requirements. Electric cables will run safely on the site, away from danger of being but off by plants, or by congestion. Gas will be distributed to Welfasre facilities from UWL. The student Car park has been cut off from Student and UWL staff, so that they are not at risk from un-known un-told danger, which the staff of the construction unit would be aware of whilst using the facilities. How to cite Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf, Essay examples

”The Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini Chapter 7 Essay Sample free essay sample

In chapter seven of The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. the reader is faced with a important minute in the novel. This chapter presents an of import scene. where Hassan chooses to be raped by Assef instead than passing him Amir’s kite. Hosseini brings the reader a critical minute in chapter seven when Hassan becomes Amir’s forfeit for felicity. and all facets of the boys’ childhoods change everlastingly. Chapter seven presents a important promotion in the secret plan. a development of the chief characters. and the visual aspect of several of import symbols used in the narrative. As indicated by the rubric. Kites play a really symbolic function in the novel and are used by Hosseini as a tool to research a assortment of issues. The kite itself is used by the author in chapter 7 as a ocular word picture of the religious journey that Amir is traveling to take in order to happen salvation within himself. We will write a custom essay sample on †The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini Chapter 7 Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides. the kite competition reinforces an issue that is prevailing throughout the novel- which is the intervention of Hazaras in Afghanistan during the clip the novel is set and besides the suggestion that Amir and Hassan can neer be true friends because of their differing places is society. Alternatively of holding an equal relationship. due to the favoritism that existed in Afghanistan against the Hazaras. Amir and Hassan’s friendly relationship seems to hold strong facets of a servant-master relationship. This is proven by the fact that Amir flies the kite in the competition every twelvemonth and Hassan acts as his helper. When Hassan celebrates Amir’s triumph. ‘You won Amir Agha’ . Amir tries to conceal from the obvious fact that he is the superior individual in their relationship. ‘We won! We won! ’ By portraying their relationship in this manner. Hosseini is taking to make a mixture of emotions within readers as they try and contemplate the grounds for Amir’s determination subsequently in the chapter. The friendly relationship of Amir and Hassan is a cardinal subject in â€Å"The Kite Runner† and Hosseini uses it in chapter 7 to demo how the determinations we make can hold an impact on the remainder of our lives . Hosseini shows how close the two male childs are in order to beef up the apprehension in readers of the bond they portion with each other. therefore doing the sense of treachery even stronger later in the chapter. ‘Hassan ever understood about me’ portrays their relationship as about brother-like and this is used to consequence by Hosseini. The back street in which Hassan gets raped is estranged and soiled â€Å"piles of bit and rubble† . perchance being representational of the act that Assef performs as being dirty and dishonorable. Amir is shown depicting the back street in monolithic item as Hassan is being raped â€Å"worn bike tyres. bottles with bare-assed labels. ripped up magazines. xanthous newspapers† . as if Amir wants to take his head of what is go oning to Hassan by utilizing lists. Amir’s dream could besides stand for his guilty scruples. Hosseini utilizing personification to reflect on the dream-like province Hassan is sing â€Å"the air current bawling in my ears† and besides forshadows the graphic imagination of when Hassans underside starts shed blooding in the snow â€Å"tiny beads that fell from between his legs and stained the snow black† into â€Å"blood dripping. staining the snow† ruddy and white being contrastive colorss stand foring decease. Amir besides goes into a Eden type phantasy where he is â€Å"standing in a field of apple green grass† and this could stand for Amir get awaying from his guilt of non stepping in. Amir’s description of the streets are as â€Å"eight-foot walls† possibly picturing Amir’s entrapment as he is non close to his male parent Baba. and urgently wants to be or on the other manus his isolation as his best friend is an Hazara and Amir had societal differences to him. The streets of Wazir Akbar Khan were numbered and set at right angles to each other like a grid furthers Amir’s entrapment. as Amir is really inventive such as when he wrote and read Hassan his narrative he made up. so this mathematic like construction could stand for the unfamiliarity Amir feels from the street and foreshadows Hassan’s colza.

Understanding Business And Management Research

Question: Describe about the Understanding Business And Management Research? Answer: Introduction Research methodical approaches are different for the different organization. Inter-organizational collaborations have become an important part of the organizational strategy and to counter with faster business dynamics and risk of uncertainties. The present conditions in the global market have opened the way for using different methodical approaches for analyzing market problems. Research methods include tools like collecting data then filtering them to find the appropriate ones. After that, the correct data are taken from analysis and vague data are trashed out. Different analytical tools and statistical packages are used for derivation and analysis. These techniques help to define the data and derive the full proof analysis of the problems. Research methods are there to make the analysis process more modernize. Modern approaches are helping to define the problems by more practical formulas and statistical packages. Using of graphical representation, diagram, and chart assists in ad ding more dimension to the approach. Statistical packages like SPSS, SAS, advanced Excel, STATA, and R are used to make the analysis more viable and trustworthy. These modern systems have enabled more pathways to interrogate problem cases (Larson-Hall 2015). Literature review of research methodologies 1) First Method (Quantitative) The methods and procedures maintain some rules and regulations in the analysis process. These processes are mainly maintained less plagiarism, procedures to minimize grammatical errors. However, these rules change year after year, but one should be aware when amending the task. The specific aims of methodical analysis are to provide a balanced with on the topic of research. It should be able to provide critical analysis of the research information. A good knowledge of theory and practical are needed for better analysis. The topics related with debate, and general arguments should be discussed in a way that it would reflect in the literature. For masters level project works relevant research method and techniques should be used. The material delivered should be analyzed through qualitative and quantitative methods. The understanding of research reports and the information is needed to improve the quality of the analysis (Liamputtong 2013). Quantitative tools are of enormous importance and instrumental in applying existing management and business theory. Practical problems should be countered by using more data from various authentic sources to make it more trustworthy. The theoretical and practically oriented research adds critical understanding to the body of work of the management task. The methods also include some social activities to promote further awareness to the problem topic. Study and module programs are there to help in further study on the topic of research. The learning outcome must include following models. A proper development of understanding is required for research design. The study should be done in an appropriate manner. Evaluate and justify systemically analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data. Ranges of tools are used to collect information. These instruments are recording, interviewing, reading, collecting data, communication, etc. Skills are also needed to analyze individual problems (Finley 2014). Interpersonal skills: These include skills like readiness to accept responsibility, employee flexibility, openness, etc. Team working: Skills like respecting others, giving proper support to colleagues, contributing to teamwork are included in Team working. Written Skills: Literature knowledge and writing skill are of enormous help in delegating research related tasks. IT Skills: Computer knowledge, knowledge about information technology, familiarity with word processing, spreadsheet, and file management skills is important. Experience in the work environment: Work experience is needed as employees with experience can handle critical tasks more easily than a newcomer. Fresh candidates also need skill enhancement classes, technical support, and skill training sessions to make them aware of the system (Zhu 2014). Numerical Skills: Mathematical knowledge, knowledge about statistics and numerical problem solving in practical contexts are needed to better reinvestment of delivering results. Presentation skills: Ability to deliver the result, approaching clients about their views, co Business awareness: Analyzing facts and situations and applying appropriate solution to counter the problem is needed. A general awareness of the marketplace and the challenges help to minimize problems. There are certain objectives in defining different methodologies used to define problem situations (Pickard 2012). Identify and describe important philosophies that help to analyze business problems and management issues. Outline comparative strengths and weaknesses of the main research methods Evaluate, derive and interpret qualitative data Understand and apply correct statistical packages to perform detailed analysis on quantitative data Present further research-oriented works to help future researchers to understand the depth of the subject matter Critical thinking is needed in verbal and literal form Mainly statisticians to amend any type of analysis use quantitative Methods. They use different statistical packages like STATA, R, SPSS and SAS for analysis. These techniques are perfect for evaluating any problem analysis. The quantitative methods have helped the companies to identify their problems by numerical stats. 2) Second Method (Qualitative) Basic Research Applied Research The purpose is to expand knowledge, using universal principles, relating principles with current problem topic. Significant finding and value analysis in respect to society is also needed. In applied research improved understanding of particular business, related problems are needed. Another key purpose is to look out for result-oriented solutions. Knowledge limited to problems may affect in finding the accurate result, so vast knowledge on the various subject is helpful. Research objective should be to relate the problems in relevance with management and organization. The context of basic research is to undertake result based on people concept. Choice of topic and relevancy of problem should be determined by the researcher. A flexible time scale is also an important aspect in this context. In applied research, the research program is undertaken by people based on the variety of setting included in organization and management. The originator should understand the context of the task. Specific time scales are needed to find in this context. There are four types of research problems can be found. These can be reporting, descriptive, explanatory and predictive. Good research is that where the research has distinguished the set of problems accurately and has clearly defined the symptoms and problems. In a pure research, it is wise to separate clearly the dilemma of research and address the research problem appropriately. The researcher should provide a complete research proposal (Chang-Richards et al. 2012). The research design should be thoroughly done without any mistake. The explanation should be done accordingly to help the audience to understand the construction of problem sample. Sampling methodology and proper data collection are two best procedures to access any difficult problem. There might be some limitations in the analysis, but those need to be told frankly. Frankness shows that the result of the research is trustworthy, and customers can use the result to evaluate the problems. The high ethical standard shoul d be maintained to protect any dissolution in the problem statement of the case. Safeguards are needed to be in place to protect the research results. Some participants, key findings, appropriate clients and validity of the organization should be looked after carefully so that no unethical things arrive. The studys methodology and limitation area should reflect the thought process of the researcher and researcher should give an insight of his thinking in the research paper. It can help the students and readers to see the depth of the problem (Hibbert et al. 2014). Ethics should be there to restrain and concern about the accuracy of the result. An adequate analysis is needed for decision makers to sufficiently analyze the collections of the study. Qualitative methods are mainly theory oriented and specific formulas are followed in analysis purpose. Qualitative methods are concerned about the quality of the analysis. It solely follows to maintain the guidelines when amending the task. The results from the analysis might not be the perfect outcome but it can guaranty about the quality of the task. Third Method (Qualitative + Quantitative) Finding presented unambiguously in the words, tables and graphs. Findings should be logically interpreted. It should logically facilitate research program, and the decision should be taken after mangers evaluation. The conclusion should justify the matched details. Another thing is that researcher should provide own experience and credentials with the report. In research, related topic referencing should be present. Referencing is needed to justify the credential and viability of the findings. It creates a trust factor in the mind of the readers. To assess any problem researcher should use journal articles, books and authentic website sources to help in analyzing the complexity of the problem (Gacula Jr 2013). Theoretical knowledge It is developed by systematic reflection Research knowledge It is manufactured through systematic investigation Practical knowledge It can be developed though taking actions Tools for thinking 1. Concepts 2. Metaphors 3. Models 4. Theories 5. Ideologies 6. Perspectives 7. Assumptions Primary Research tools Secondary research tools Tertiary research tools Reports Theses Conference Emails Company reports Some government journals Unpublished manuscript Journals Books Newspapers Government publications Index Databases Dictionary Bibliography Encyclopedia Catalogues A good review method includes, Explanation Literature should mention and discuss the related problem statements It mentions theoretical ideas and gives further explanations It summarizes previous studies and investigates the current problem statement. Comparison It analyzes previous studies It discusses theoretical ideas mentioned in the pretext of earlier studies Evaluation It demonstrates how the current study fits with previous studies, and it also shows new contributions This process is a mixed procedure followed by the analytic teams for proper analysis. The mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods has been proved as the best method to counter any specific problem. The problem statement analysis and amending the task is a dual responsibility for the statisticians. They are now approaching the task in a mixed manner to enhance the result better than pervious times. Analysis Assumptions Positivism Interpretivism Reality Tangible Socially constructed Research goal Explaining Understanding Knowledge generated General, average and representative Relative meaning Subject research relationship Rigid separation Interactive Focus Average Specific Desired information Should have a particular problem Problems they confront with Method Content analysis Interviews Research design should be made after revaluing these things, Investigate the research problem Attempt to explore the study Explore the objectives Obtain the information Outline procedures for every research activity Guiding the selection of sources Verifying research question The research design is all about, the kind of answers the study is looking for. What techniques have been used. The sampling procedure that is being used, time, and constraints are there to deal with. The design can be classified into four sectors. These are descriptive study and predictive study, cross-selection studies and longitudinal studies (Sderlund et al. 2011). It can further classify into two topical areas; these are statistical studies and case studies. The environmental selection has three perspectives. These are field conditions, laboratory conditions, and simulations (Creswell 2013). Evaluation To evaluate the techniques, there are methods like, Qualitative techniques Elite interviews Primary data Secondary data Surveys Telephonic survey Personal survey Electronic survey Web-based survey Postal survey Focus groups Composition of groups Quality outcomes Two-stage design Exploration Explanation In-depth interviews With students or clients Observation Observing various results and data Descriptive study To answer and to provide accurate account of current state of affairs The main steps in quantitative research Theory Hypotheses Research design Derived measures of concepts Selecting sites for research Selecting respondents Collect data Process data Analyze data Findings Write up findings Findings Concepts are as follows, Building blocks of theory Labels that give elements to social world Categories Useful concepts are, To provide an explanation of a certain aspect of the social world Standing for things, we want to explain Basis for measuring changes and variations To improve response rates to mail questionnaire Good covering letter Mailing Clear instructions Start questions with welcome word Introductory sentence Greetings Open questions Monetary incentives Personalized covering of letter Statistical graphs like histogram, polygon, ogive and pie charts are used for graphical representation. Statistical formulas like Mean, population mean, sample mean, variability, ANOVAs, Range, Variance and central tendency are used for the analysis process. Statistical tools like SPSS are used in this area. IBM has acquired the use of SPSS. It has terms like nominal, Cardinal and scale. Coding is used for each variable to assign numbers. EDA is used to explain and examine descriptive statistics and frequency distribution (De Vaus 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded that use of various methods has helped to analyze any problem more efficiently than previous times. In modern times, many statistical packages have been derived to help the analysis more productive. It has highlighted the importance of using the benefits to good effect. These tools have been precious for keeping the trust factors in the mind of readers and students. Data collection techniques have been a key instrument to collect accurate data from reliable sources to further track down the importance of the problem topic. Research has found since the last decade or so the practical results have been very frequent than previous years. It has stamped a sense of approval for the instruments, which have been used to analyze problematic situations in an organization. References: "Information, knowledge, systems management",Information, knowledge, systems management,[Online]. Bouncken, R.B., Gast, J., Kraus, S. and Bogers, M., 2015. Coopetition: a systematic review, synthesis, and future research directions.Review of Managerial Science,9(3), pp.577-601. Chang-Richards (Alice), Y., Rapp, R., Wilkinson, S., von Meding, J. Haigh, R. 2015, "Call for papers: International Journal of Project Management",International Journal of Project Management. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage publications. De Vaus, D., 2013.Surveys in social research. Routledge. Finley, S., 2014. An Introduction to Critical Arts-Based Research Demonstrating Methodologies and Practices of a Radical Ethical Aesthetic.Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, p.1532708614548123. Gacula Jr, M.C., 2013.Statistical methods in food and consumer research. Elsevier. Hibbert, P., Sillince, J., Diefenbach, T. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2014. Relationally reflexive practice a generative approach to theory development in qualitative research.Organizational research methods,17(3), pp.278-298. Hinton, P.R., McMurray, I. and Brownlow, C., 2014.SPSS explained. Routledge. Larson-Hall, J., 2015.A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R. Routledge. Liamputtong, P. 2013,Qualitative research methods,4th edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet Publishing. Riff, D., Lacy, S. and Fico, F., 2014.Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Routledge. Rouder, J.N., Morey, R.D., Speckman, P.L., and Province, J.M., 2012. Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,56(5), pp.356-374. Sderlund, J., Lenfle, S., Linkpings universitet, Fretagsekonomi, Filosofiska fakulteten Institutionen fr ekonomisk och industriell utveckling 2011, "Special issue: Project history: International journal of project management",International Journal of Project Management,vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 491. Strategic Management Society 2011, "Global strategy journal",Global strategy journal,[Online]. Valeri, L. and VanderWeele, T.J., 2013. Mediation analysis allowing for exposuremediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros.Psychological Methods,18(2), p.137. Wahyuni, D., 2012. The research design Maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods, and methodologies.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,10(1), pp.69-80. Zhu, J., 2014.Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2012.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.